A revolution is upon us. The rise of humanoid robots, machines designed to walk, talk, and work like humans, is no longer a distant vision from a sci-fi movie. It’s happening now, and it’s going to change everything. The question is: Are we prepared for it? Spoiler alert: We’re not. Yet.

What’s Happening with Humanoid Robots?

Let’s start with the basics: humanoid robots are here. Companies like Agility Robotics, Tesla, 1X Technologies, Figure, and Sanctuary AI are pushing the boundaries of what these robots can do. These are machines built to move, think, and act like us. Sanctuary AI’s Phoenix™ boasts an impressive human-like range of motion, while robots like Digit from Agility Robotics are already working commercial shifts, performing tasks like unloading trucks and navigating warehouse floors.

The humanoid design is key to creating robots that can operate in environments designed for humans. Our cities, homes, factories, and roads aren’t set up for robots on wheels or tracks; they’re made for creatures with arms and legs—creatures like us. By giving robots a humanoid form, we allow them to slip seamlessly into our world, using the same tools, climbing the same stairs, and even operating the same machinery. It’s an elegant, intuitive fit for a world already built around human needs.

And the technology driving these robots? It’s evolving fast. Advances in AI, battery technology, sensors, and actuators are pushing humanoid robots to new levels of proficiency. Companies like Agility Robotics have opened facilities like RoboFab™ to mass-produce robots at scale. These robots aren’t just for research anymore—they’ve already entered the workforce in large numbers.

The Phoenix humanoid robot by Sanctuary AI is designed as a versatile, general-purpose robot capable of performing tasks in various environments. Here’s a brief overview:

Specifications

Height: 5’7” (170 cm); Weight: 155 lbs (70 kg)

Carrying Capacity: Moderate loads suitable for a range of tasks

Speed: Moves at a natural human walking pace

Key Features

Bipedal Design: Human-like form to navigate spaces built for people, with advanced mobility for complex environments.

Battery: Optimized power system for extended operation, easily rechargeable.

AI Integration: Equipped with Sanctuary AI’s Carbon™ system, which enables advanced autonomy, learning, and real-time decision-making.

Capabilities

General Task Execution: Can perform a variety of tasks, from lifting and carrying to interacting with humans, making it useful across multiple sectors.

Enhanced Sensory & Mobility: Built with advanced sensors for situational awareness and precise movement, allowing for smooth navigation and object manipulation.

Applications

Industrial & Commercial: Suitable for repetitive and physically demanding tasks in manufacturing, logistics, and retail.

Home Assistance: Envisioned to handle household chores, caregiving tasks, and basic home maintenance.

Service Industry: Can interact with customers, assist with basic queries, and perform reception duties.

Sanctuary AI’s Vision

Adaptability & Intelligence: Focuses on creating robots that can learn and adapt through real-world interactions, becoming more proficient over time.

Scalability: Aims to make Phoenix widely accessible, addressing labor shortages and enabling businesses to enhance productivity without costly infrastructure changes.

Sanctuary AI continues to develop Phoenix with a focus on intelligence, adaptability, and scalability, aiming for widespread adoption across industrial, commercial, and domestic sectors.

The Economics of Humanoid Robots

Ark Invest predicts that humanoid robots could represent a $24 trillion revenue opportunity globally. The math behind this prediction is simple: humanoid robots will soon be able to perform tasks that humans do for a fraction of the cost. Imagine a labor force that doesn’t sleep, doesn’t need healthcare, and doesn’t ask for overtime pay. Sounds like a capitalist’s dream, right?

Well, it’s also a potential nightmare for millions of workers. Tony Seba, one of the leading voices on disruption, emphasizes that any technology achieving a 10x cost reduction compared to existing systems is bound to cause upheaval. And humanoid robots are set to hit that threshold within the next decade. By 2035, experts predict that the cost of humanoid robot labor will drop to under $1 per hour, with further reductions to under $0.10 per hour by 2045. These machines will soon be so cheap and efficient that human labor in many sectors won’t be able to compete. What does our world look like with an abundance of cheap labor in as early as the next 5 – 10 years?

Humanoid robots could soon fill roles in construction, farming, logistics, and even healthcare. Tier 1 industries, such as production and extraction, are likely to see significant integration of robots by 2028. Other sectors like manufacturing, retail, and warehousing are expected to follow shortly after. It’s not hard to imagine a world where robots handle the bulk of routine and dangerous work, leaving us humans to… well, figure out what comes next.

Analysis of Ark Invest’s Projections on Humanoid Robotics

Ark Invest’s vision of the future for humanoid robots is optimistic, ambitious, and comprehensive. They predict that these robots could generate a staggering $24 trillion in revenue, split evenly between household and manufacturing applications, even before their capabilities surpass those of humans. This projection is based on the potential for humanoid robots to operate at scale, offering significant economic benefits by automating tasks across a range of environments.

Household Robotics: Valuing Time

Ark Invest estimates a $12.5 trillion revenue opportunity in the household robotics sector. This calculation stems from the notion that household robots can save individuals valuable time by handling everyday tasks. To arrive at this figure, Ark Invest considers:

  • A household robot could perform approximately 2.3 hours of unpaid work daily.
  • Multiplying this time by the global working-age population of 2.8 billion.
  • Using a weighted average hourly wage of $10.75.
  • Attributing half the value of unpaid time compared to paid work.

 

The core value proposition here is simple yet profound: by automating routine household chores, robots can free up time for individuals to engage in more productive or fulfilling activities, whether that’s leisure, creative pursuits, or even additional paid work. This has the potential to transform how we allocate our time, bringing profound changes to daily life and work.

Manufacturing Robotics: Revolutionizing Production

In the manufacturing sector, Ark Invest sees a similarly significant opportunity, estimating that humanoid robots could unlock $12 trillion in revenue. The U.S. manufacturing industry alone employs nearly 12 million people, with a total payroll of $785 billion and an output of $2.4 trillion. Ark Invest envisions a future where robots could replace a significant portion of this workforce, particularly for repetitive, hazardous, or labor-intensive tasks.

Ark Invest’s projections suggest that if robots could replace all human workers and operate for 16 hours a day, U.S. manufacturing would need only 5.9 million robots to maintain the current level of output—half the existing human workforce. This highlights not just the cost savings potential but also the opportunity for significant productivity gains.

The Digit humanoid robot by Agility Robotics is designed for versatile, real-world tasks, focusing on adaptability and ease of deployment across various environments. Here’s a concise overview:

Specifications

Height: 5’9” (175 cm); Weight: 99 lbs (45 kg)

Carrying Capacity: Up to 40 lbs (18 kg)

Speed: Walks at up to 3.3 mph (5.3 km/h)

Key Features

Bipedal Design: Built to walk, crouch, climb stairs, and navigate spaces designed for humans.

Battery: Modular battery with a runtime of several hours, easily swappable.

Sensors & AI: Equipped with advanced sensors and AI for situational awareness and autonomous navigation.

Capabilities

Versatile Task Performance: Can carry, lift, and manipulate objects, making it ideal for a range of tasks from loading packages to performing inspections.

Adaptable Mobility: Designed to move through tight spaces, rough terrains, and different levels, like stairs.

Applications

Logistics & Warehousing: Efficient at sorting, loading, and unloading tasks.

Manufacturing: Assists in repetitive and strenuous tasks, boosting productivity.

Last-Mile Delivery: Adaptable for navigating sidewalks and carrying packages directly to customers.

Agility Robotics’ Vision

Seamless Integration: Digit is built to work alongside humans without needing major infrastructure changes.

Scalability: With the RoboFab factory, Agility Robotics aims to scale production to over 10,000 units annually, making Digit accessible to various industries.

Agility Robotics continues to refine Digit, focusing on scalable production and real-world deployment across multiple sectors.

Driving Factors Behind Growth

The potential for growth in the humanoid robot market is driven by several key factors:

  • Labor Shortages and Onshoring: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains, driving a push for onshoring and automation. Humanoid robots could fill the labor gaps created by this shift, especially in regions where the working-age population is declining.
  • Advancements in AI: Continued improvements in AI, particularly in vision systems and object manipulation, are critical to enabling robots to perform complex tasks efficiently in real-world settings.
  • Declining Production Costs: As production scales and technology matures, the cost of manufacturing humanoid robots will decrease, making them accessible to a broader range of businesses and industries.
Market Size and Competitive Landscape

Ark Invest isn’t the only entity eyeing the potential of humanoid robots. Morgan Stanley projects a more conservative figure, estimating that the humanoid robot market could reach $357 billion by 2040, with a $3 trillion impact on wages by 2050. They also predict that by mid-century, there could be 63 million humanoid robots operating in the U.S. If exponential growth continues, that is 2.5 million robots a year, hitting the 5.9 million robots that could replace manufacturing jobs in less than three years.

The competitive landscape is heating up, with companies like Figure, Agility Robotics, and Sanctuary AI developing robots to meet growing demands. Agility Robotics, for example, has opened RoboFab, the first factory in the world dedicated to producing humanoid robots at scale, signaling increased investment and interest in this sector

Ark Invest’s Timeline of Labor Disruption

While specific year-by-year timelines are sparse, Ark Invest offers a broad perspective on when they anticipate significant changes. By 2030, they project that humanoid robots could generate $24 trillion in revenue, indicating widespread adoption within the next six years. Their optimistic projections are driven by rapidly declining production costs, which will make robots more affordable and accessible, “turbocharging” their integration into various industries.

Phased Adoption: Ark Invest identifies small to medium-sized businesses as early adopters of humanoid robots. These companies often face high labor costs and limited access to specialized automation, making general-purpose robots an attractive solution. This phased rollout will likely expand to larger companies as technology matures.

The Figure 02 humanoid robot by Figure is designed as a versatile, general-purpose robot capable of performing a range of tasks across various industries. Here’s a concise overview:

Specifications

Height: 5’6” (168 cm); Weight: 132 lbs (60 kg)

Carrying Capacity: Up to 44 lbs (20 kg)

Speed: Walks at a normal human pace

Key Features

Bipedal Design: Built to navigate environments designed for humans, with human-like dexterity for handling tools and objects.

Battery: Efficient power management for extended operational periods, with easy recharging capability.

Sensors & AI: Equipped with advanced sensors and AI systems for autonomous navigation, task execution, and interaction with people.

Capabilities

General-Purpose Task Performance: Can handle lifting, carrying, assembling, and various routine tasks, making it suitable for diverse roles.

Adaptable Mobility: Moves smoothly across different surfaces, stairs, and obstacles, enabling it to operate in various settings.

Applications

Industrial & Manufacturing: Assists with assembly, packing, and other repetitive tasks in factories.

Warehousing & Logistics: Efficient at picking, sorting, and transporting items within warehouses.

Home & Retail: Can help with daily chores, customer service, and basic maintenance tasks.

Figure’s Vision

Scalability & Affordability: Aims to produce Figure 02 at scale, making it accessible to a wide range of businesses and households.

Future of Labor: Designed to address labor shortages and free humans from repetitive, physically demanding, or dangerous tasks, allowing them to focus on more creative and complex activities.

Figure continues to refine Figure 02 with a focus on scalable production, adaptability, and affordability, aiming for widespread deployment across multiple industries.

RethinkX’s Contrasting Perspective

RethinkX offers a more aggressive timeline, predicting significant labor displacement by the late 2030s and a near-total transformation of labor markets by the mid-2040s. They foresee a scenario where declining robot costs, improved productivity, and convergence with disruptions in energy, transportation, and food accelerate this shift, creating a positive feedback loop.

 Adam Dorr, Director of Research at RethinkX, emphasizes that the labor disruption caused by robots presents an opportunity to address major environmental challenges. With robots operating at near-zero marginal cost, large-scale projects like waste cleanup, recycling, and reforestation become economically feasible.

Disruptors and Challenges

Breaking down some of the key disruptors and hurdles.

Technological Convergence: Humanoid robots are the result of a perfect storm of technological advancements. From AI to batteries, these machines are becoming more sophisticated and affordable by the day. The convergence of key technologies has created a “labor engine” that can perform tasks with increasing precision and efficiency. But this same convergence raises important questions about control. Who gets to decide how these robots are deployed? Who ensures they are used ethically? The rapid pace of AI advancement is already outstripping regulation. We’re playing catch-up, and we’re not doing it fast enough.

Decreasing Costs: As robots become cheaper to produce, they’ll become more accessible to a wider range of businesses. What happens when a small construction company can suddenly afford to replace its entire workforce with robots? The economic implications are huge. Entire industries will change overnight. But, as always, it’s the working-class individuals who will bear the brunt of this disruption. Without proper planning and safeguards, we could see mass unemployment, economic downturns, and heightened inequality. There are already humanoid robots hitting the market at $16,000 each.

Legal and Regulatory Challenges: Our legal frameworks aren’t ready for humanoid robots. There’s no clear plan for handling liability, licensing, or ethical concerns. If a robot harms someone on the job, who’s responsible—the manufacturer, the employer, or the AI developer? These issues remain largely unaddressed, and regulation of the AI driving these machines is lagging, risking both overreach and underreach.

Beyond legalities, the bigger question is survival in a world where robots increasingly replace human jobs. Policies like Universal Basic Income (UBI) or a robot tax could provide answers. UBI would ensure everyone has a basic income, while a robot tax could fund social safety nets by taxing companies that replace workers with machines.

The rise of robots demands a rethinking of work, income, and economic participation. Without proactive policies, we risk worsening inequality and social unrest. Governments must not only regulate robots but also create systems that let people thrive in a future where machines do much of the labor.

How This Disrupts Daily Life

Humanoid robots won’t just change how we work—they’ll change how we live. Think of a world where robots handle most of the labor-intensive tasks: cleaning, cooking, childcare, eldercare. We’re talking about a revolution in domestic life that frees up our time and energy for more fulfilling activities. But with that freedom comes the risk of societal breakdown if we don’t manage the transition well.

Without meaningful work, people may find themselves adrift. This is where policies like Universal Basic Income (UBI) come into play. UBI could provide a safety net for those displaced by robots, ensuring access to necessities even if they’re not participating in the labor market. But implementing UBI is no small feat. It requires massive political will, funding mechanisms, and, most importantly, public support. Delaying the rollout of UBI could lead to economic collapse, social unrest, and a widening gap between the rich and poor.

Then there’s the environmental angle. If we play our cards right, humanoid robots could help mitigate some of our biggest environmental challenges. Imagine robots cleaning up toxic waste sites, reforesting devastated areas, or operating carbon-capture facilities. These are labor-intensive tasks that are often seen as too costly or dangerous for human workers. With robots, we could tackle these issues head-on.

The NEO humanoid robot by 1X Technologies is designed as an intelligent, general-purpose assistant for various environments. Here’s a brief summary:

Specifications

Height: Approximately 5’8” (173 cm); Weight: 132 lbs (60 kg)

Carrying Capacity: Moderate loads for typical tasks

Speed: Walks at a normal human pace

Key Features

Bipedal Design: Human-like form for easy integration into spaces designed for people.

Battery: Efficient power system to support extended operation, with easy recharging.

Sensors & AI: Equipped with advanced sensors for visual processing and AI for understanding and interacting with its environment.

Capabilities

Task Performance: Designed for tasks ranging from carrying objects and operating equipment to interacting with humans and responding to commands.

Safe & Adaptive Mobility: Moves smoothly across different terrains and obstacles, ensuring safe interaction with humans and environments.

Applications

Home Assistance: Helps with chores, caregiving, and basic maintenance tasks.

Work Environments: Supports routine tasks in offices, shops, and warehouses.

Service Industry: Provides customer assistance, basic reception duties, and more.

1X Technologies’ Vision

Focus on Safety & Ease of Use: NEO is built to interact safely with humans, with features that prioritize safety and reliability.

Scalability & Accessibility: Aims to make NEO affordable and easy to adopt across various sectors, bringing robotic assistance into everyday life.

1X Technologies continues to develop NEO with an emphasis on safety, usability, and scalable production, aiming for widespread integration in homes and workplaces.

Call to Action: What We Must Do

The future is coming fast. Humanoid robots are already here, and their presence will only grow. The time to act is now. If we don’t get ahead of this disruption, we risk economic instability, social unrest, and environmental degradation.

Societal Planning

We need to rethink the social contract. Traditional ideas about work, income, and societal roles will become obsolete, quickly. We must explore policies like UBI to ensure people can thrive in a world where robots handle much of the labor. But we also need to focus on lifelong learning and adaptability as people turn to education. Our universities are preparing for fewer 18-year-olds than ever before, expecting decreased enrollment. That may not be the case with a 30-50% labor force disruption in the next 10 years. We may be looking at an education boom. The future of work isn’t about one career for life—it’s about constantly evolving, learning new skills, and staying ahead of the robots.

Education and Lifelong Learning

As humanoid robots take over routine tasks, the value of human ingenuity will grow in importance. Education systems need to shift from the traditional focus on rote learning to fostering creativity, critical thinking, and emotional intelligence—skills that robots can’t easily replicate. Lifelong learning should be encouraged across all age groups, allowing individuals to continually adapt to a rapidly evolving job market. Governments, educational institutions, and corporations must invest in retraining programs that prepare workers for jobs in emerging fields such as AI development, robotics maintenance, and human-robot interaction.

At the same time, we must redefine the value of work. The future could allow people to engage in more fulfilling, creative, and community-driven endeavors, as the economic pressure to find any job diminishes. This requires us to embrace a broader understanding of what it means to contribute to society—whether that contribution comes in the form of traditional labor, caregiving, or artistic expression.

Global Cooperation

This isn’t just a local issue—it’s a global one. Nations need to collaborate, share best practices, and create global standards for robot deployment and regulation. Countries that embrace this change and foster innovation will be the leaders of tomorrow.

Humanoid robots are not just coming—they’re already here. The choices we make today will determine whether this technological revolution leads to a world of abundance or a dystopia of inequality and unrest. The future is in our hands, and it’s time to act.

The Optimus humanoid robot, or Tesla Bot, is designed as a versatile, general-purpose robot for tasks typically done by humans. Here’s a brief overview:

Specifications

Height: 5’8” (173 cm); Weight: 125 lbs (57 kg)

Carrying Capacity: 20 lbs (9 kg); Deadlift: 150 lbs (68 kg)

Speed: Up to 5 mph (8 km/h)

Key Features

Bipedal Design: Built to navigate human environments with human-like dexterity.

Battery: Full-day power from a torso-embedded battery.

AI Integration: Uses Tesla’s self-driving AI for autonomous navigation and task execution.

Capabilities

•Performs a range of tasks like lifting, carrying, assembly, and navigation.

•Can interact with humans, respond to commands, and learn from its environment.

Applications

Industrial: Assists in manufacturing and logistics.

Warehousing: Handles sorting and packing.

Household: Envisioned for cleaning and maintenance.

Customer Service: Potential for retail assistance.

Tesla’s Vision

Affordability & Scalability: Aims to make Optimus cost-effective and widely available.

Long-Term Integration: Designed to handle repetitive and hazardous tasks, freeing humans for more complex work.

Tesla continues to develop Optimus with no set release date but aims for widespread adoption within a few years.

UBI and the New Social Contract

Universal Basic Income is no longer a pie-in-the-sky idea. It’s becoming a necessary safety net for a society where full employment may not be realistic. The key challenge will be finding a sustainable model for UBI that doesn’t create dependency but instead empowers individuals to pursue meaningful, flexible work outside of survival-focused employment. Countries like Finland and pilot programs in cities around the world have already tested versions of UBI, with promising results.

However, UBI is just one piece of the puzzle. The bigger picture involves rethinking the relationship between labor, compensation, and contribution to society. The old social contract, which ties identity and self-worth to employment, may no longer apply in a world where many jobs can be automated. We need new systems that reward people for activities that enhance the well-being of communities and the environment, not just those that generate profit.

Legal and Ethical Frameworks

We must also tackle the legal and ethical dimensions of integrating humanoid robots into our society. As robots become more autonomous, issues surrounding liability, privacy, and data security will only grow in complexity. For example, who is responsible when a humanoid robot makes a critical mistake on a job site? If AI-driven robots collect personal data during their interactions, how do we ensure that data is protected from misuse?

Governments need to establish clear regulations for the development and use of humanoid robots. These frameworks must balance innovation with caution, ensuring that we don’t stifle technological advancement while also safeguarding human rights and ethical standards. International cooperation will be essential in creating shared guidelines, especially as robots increasingly cross borders—both physically and digitally.

Environmental Implications

While much of the conversation around humanoid robots focuses on labor, we cannot ignore their potential environmental impact. Robots powered by clean energy could help drive large-scale environmental initiatives. Imagine fleets of robots deployed to reforest vast areas, clean up ocean plastic, or manage large-scale renewable energy projects. Their ability to operate continuously without the limitations of human stamina could make previously impossible environmental goals attainable.

Adam Dorr, Director of Research at RethinkX, argues that the disruption of labor by humanoid robots presents a unique opportunity to address major environmental challenges. He emphasizes that, with robots working at near-zero marginal cost, tasks such as waste cleanup, recycling, reforestation, and carbon dioxide removal can become economically feasible on a massive scale. According to Dorr, this abundance of robotic labor could accelerate the transition to sustainable technologies, boosting efforts in clean energy production, electric vehicle deployment, and the development of sustainable food systems. Essentially, robots could act as a force multiplier, enabling humanity to tackle environmental issues at a scale and speed that would be impossible with human labor alone.

However, we must also consider the carbon footprint of producing and maintaining such robots. Building millions of humanoid robots will require significant energy and resources, and without careful planning, this could exacerbate environmental problems rather than solve them. The solution lies in coupling the robotic revolution with a green energy revolution, ensuring that the rise of robots doesn’t come at the expense of the planet. This means prioritizing the use of renewable energy sources in the production process, designing robots with recyclability in mind, and developing systems that minimize resource consumption throughout their lifecycle.

The convergence of robotics and clean energy could ultimately help redefine what is possible for environmental conservation. By leveraging the productivity and endurance of robots, we can aim for ambitious environmental targets that have long seemed out of reach. Yet, this vision will only be realized if we take a holistic approach, addressing both the opportunities and challenges that come with integrating humanoid robots into our efforts to build a more sustainable world.

A Global Vision for the Future

The rise of humanoid robots is not just a local issue—it’s a global challenge. Countries that invest in robotics and AI today will lead the world tomorrow. But this isn’t just about economic competition; it’s about building a shared future where the benefits of technology are distributed equitably. Nations need to collaborate on creating international standards for robot regulation and employment, ensuring that no country is left behind in this technological shift.

Global cooperation will also be crucial in addressing the potential risks of military and geopolitical uses of humanoid robots. As with nuclear technology, robots can be used for both constructive and destructive purposes. We must act now to prevent an arms race in robotic warfare, where nations deploy robots not just in factories but on battlefields. International treaties and agreements on the ethical use of robots will be vital to avoiding a future where the robotic revolution causes more harm than good.

The Future is Now

Ark Invest’s projections highlight the transformative potential of humanoid robots, envisioning a future of increased productivity, economic growth, and a world where robots handle routine tasks, freeing humans for more meaningful pursuits. Yet, these benefits come with profound societal challenges. Without proactive measures, the rise of robots could deepen economic inequality, disrupt labor markets, and exacerbate environmental issues. The path forward requires planning to ensure that the benefits of this technology are equitably shared.

As companies invest in developing and deploying humanoid robots, the urgency of thoughtful discourse on the ethical, social, and economic implications cannot be overstated. If managed responsibly, this robotic revolution could herald an era of unprecedented freedom, productivity, and prosperity, enabling humans to redefine their relationship with work, leisure, and the environment. Without deliberate action, the risks of job displacement, social inequality, and environmental degradation could overshadow these benefits. The next decade will be critical in deciding how we navigate these disruptions and whether we can realize the potential of a world transformed by robots.

Humanoid robots are no longer a distant dream—they are a present reality, poised to reshape our world faster than many anticipate. The real question is whether we will take control and proactively shape this future, or passively allow it to shape us.

To thrive in a robot-driven world, we must embrace the opportunities they present—higher productivity, innovative environmental solutions, and new paradigms for living. But we must also confront the challenges head-on—mass unemployment, social unrest, inequality, and the risk of environmental harm. By facing these issues directly, we can ensure that the robotic revolution doesn’t just benefit a privileged few but uplifts everyone, creating a more equitable, sustainable, and prosperous future.

The rise of humanoid robots is inevitable, and trying to halt it would only hinder progress. Instead, we should focus on guiding this revolution, so it enhances human life across the globe. By rethinking our economic models, investing in green energy, and fostering ethical frameworks for robot integration, we can steer this technological wave toward a future where everyone benefits, not just a select few. In doing so, we won’t just adapt to change; we will lead it, building a world that truly reflects the best of human ingenuity and potential.

Here is a list of 20 companies currently involved in the development, proof of concept, or production of humanoid robots: NOTE: There are more.

1.Tesla – Developing the Optimus humanoid robot.

2.Agility Robotics – Known for their Digit robot, which has been deployed in commercial settings.

3.1X Technologies – Working on NEO, a humanoid robot designed for home use.

4.Figure – Developing Figure 02, a versatile humanoid robot for various industries.

5.Sanctuary AI – Creating Phoenix, a robot focused on complex human tasks.

6.Boston Dynamics – Known for Atlas, a highly dynamic humanoid robot.

7.Toyota Research Institute – Developing robots like Punyo for everyday tasks.

8.Honda – Previously known for ASIMO, they continue to explore humanoid robotics.

9.Apptronik – Working on Apollo, a general-purpose humanoid.

10.SoftBank Robotics – Developing Pepper, which can interact with people and assist in various settings.

11.Kawasaki Robotics – Exploring humanoid concepts alongside their industrial robot solutions.

12.Pollen Robotics – Developing Reachy, an open-source humanoid robot for research and development.

13.Ubtech Robotics – Known for Walker, a bipedal robot capable of household tasks.

14.NASA/General Motors – Developed Robonauts, intended for space applications.

15.PAL Robotics – Creators of the humanoid robot TALOS, which is used for research and development.

16.Engineered Arts – Developing Mesmer and other realistic humanoid robots.

17.Toyota – Beyond their work on humanoid robots, they are investing in robots for elder care.

18.Hyundai Robotics – Following their acquisition of Boston Dynamics, they are expanding into humanoid applications.

19.FANUC – Primarily focused on industrial robots but exploring humanoid forms for specific tasks.

20.Promobot – Creating humanoid robots for customer service and interactive roles.

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